Masters Theses or Dissertation

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    Relationship between Self-Care Practices and Job Satisfaction among Female Police Officers in Nairobi County, Kenya
    (Tangaza University, 2025-10) Scholastica Wafula
    Job satisfaction is important in promoting employees' work performance. This study sought to establish the relationship between Self-care practices and Job satisfaction among female police officers in Nairobi County. The objectives of the study were; to establish the levels of self-care practices among female police officers in Nairobi County, Kenya, to find out the levels of job satisfaction among the female police officers in Nairobi County, Kenya and to determine the relationship between self-care practices and job satisfaction among female police officers in Nairobi County, Kenya. The research design was a quantitative cross-sectional design. The target population was 1325 female police officers in Nairobi County, the sampling method was stratified random sampling and the sample size was 438 respondents. This study used 2 two standardized tools which were the Institute of Functional Medicine Self-Care Practice Scale used to obtain information on the Self-Care strategies and the Paul Spector Job Satisfaction survey which obtained information on the level of job satisfaction among the respondents. Descriptive statistics including frequency and percentage and inferential statistics such as Pearson Moment of correlation were used for analysis. Findings showed that 48.2% of respondents exhibited “Good” self-care, while only 6.7% exhibited the “Best” level, whereas physical and social self-care lagged behind mental and professional domains. In terms of job satisfaction, 48.4% reported dissatisfaction, 37.6% were ambivalent, and only 14.0% expressed satisfaction. A statistically significant positive correlation (r = .372, p < .01) was found between self-care and job satisfaction, suggesting that improved self-care may enhance job satisfaction among female officers. The study recommended that the National Police Service should institutionalize and promote structured self-care programs. The programs should be integrated into the officers’ routine schedules as part of wellness policies. By doing so, the wellbeing, morale, and overall job satisfaction and performance of female police officers will be enhanced
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    Relationship between Facebook Use and Marital Stability Among Married Individuals in Embakasi West Constituency, Nairobi County, Kenya
    (Tangaza University, 2025-10) Nelly M. Ndivo
    The institution of marriage has been one of the significant societal foundations. Marital stability among married individuals had become an area of attention in this age of social media. Thus, marital stability remains a solid foundation for married individuals and for raising children. However, there is still inadequate empirical research on the relationship between Facebook use and marital stability among married individuals. The study objectives were; to examine the levels of Facebook use among married individuals in Embakasi west constituency, to assess the levels of marital stability among married individuals in Embakasi west constituency, and to find out if there was a relationship between Facebook use and marital stability among married individuals in Embakasi west constituency. The study was anchored on Social Exchange Theory and Social Comparison Theory, which explained how individuals assess costs and rewards in relationships and how online comparisons shape perceptions of relationship satisfaction. A positivist research philosophy was adopted to ensure objectivity and quantifiable data collection. The study used a correlational survey design targeting married individuals aged 20–55 years. A sample of 300 respondents was selected using stratified random sampling to ensure representation across gender and age. Data was collected using structured questionnaires incorporating the Facebook Intensity Scale (FIS) to measure emotional involvement and frequency of use, and the ENRICH Marital Satisfaction (EMS) Scale to assess communication, satisfaction, conflict resolution, and emotional support. Data analysis was done using SPSS version 26, where descriptive statistics summarized Facebook use and marital stability levels, and inferential statistics examined the relationship between the two variables. The findings revealed that 64.0% of the respondents exhibited high levels of Facebook use, indicating that Facebook is deeply integrated into their daily routines and emotional lives. Regarding marital stability, 60.1% of the participants reported high stability, 27.6% moderate stability, and 12.3% low stability. The correlation analysis revealed a strong, positive, and statistically significant relationship between Facebook use and marital stability (r = 0.612, p = 0.000). This implies that when Facebook is used constructively—for instance, through positive interactions, respectful communication, and shared online activities—it can enhance marital satisfaction and strengthen emotional bonds. However, Facebook misuse, such as secrecy, monitoring a partner excessively, or engaging in flirtatious interactions, was found to erode trust and create relational tension. These findings align with studies by Kodzai (2015) and Clayton et al. (2013), which established that Facebook can both strengthen and weaken marriages depending on usage patterns. Similarly, Valenzuela et al. (2014) observed that healthy social media communication enhances relational closeness, while misuse fosters conflict. The study concludes that balanced and transparent Facebook use contributes to marital stability by improving communication and shared emotional experiences. It recommends that counsellors, educators, and policymakers promote awareness of healthy social media behaviors and integrate digital relationship literacy into marital counseling and educational programs.
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    Relationship Between Self-Directed Learning Readiness and Student Stress Among First-Year Undergraduate Students in Private Universities in Lang’ata Sub-County, Nairobi, Kenya.
    (Tangaza University, 2025-06) Kitetu Annah Mukeli
    The transition from teacher-led instruction in high school to self-directed learning readiness (SDLR) at the university level presents significant psychological challenges for first-year undergraduate students. This study investigated the relationship between self-directed learning readiness (SDLR) and student stress (SS) among first-year undergraduates in private universities in Lang’ata Sub-county, Kenya. Guided by four research objectives, the study assessed levels of SDLR and SS, examined the relationship between demographic characteristics and SS, and explored the correlation between SDLR and SS. Grounded by Self-Determination and SelfEfficacy theories, the study employed a quantitative correlational design. A stratified random sample of 387 students was drawn from a population of 4,217 from selected private universities in Lang’ata Sub-county. Data was collected using the SDLR and Student Stress Inventory scales and analyzed using SPSS-25. Descriptive statistics, including demographic characteristics, were analyzed using frequencies, while inferential statistics examining relationships were conducted using Chi-square, and Pearson's correlation tests. Findings revealed that the mean SDLR score was 1.97 (SD = 0.917), indicating substantial variability, while the mean SS score was 1.84 (SD = 0.524), revealing moderate stress levels. Significant relationship in SS was found based on age χ² (8, N = 382) = 44.65, p < .00, university attended (F(3, 378) = 41.81, p < .001), place of residence χ² (8, N = 382) = 23.60, p = .003, and mode of study χ² (2, N = 382) = 8.07, p = .018. However, no significant relationships were observed by gender or perceived family support. A modest but significant positive correlation was found between SDLR and SS (r = .231, p < .001), suggesting that increased readiness for self-directed learning may be associated with higher stress. These findings underscore the need to promote SDLR alongside targeted stress management interventions for first-year undergraduate students.
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    Relationship Between Perceived Parenting Styles and Spirituality Among Consecrated Women in Kiambu County, Kenya.
    (Tangaza University, 2025-10) Teresia Wanjiku Mburu
    Parents play a vital responsibility in shaping their children's growth and future, as their behavior and interactions during upbringing significantly influence who their children become. Quantitative’ method and a correlational survey design were used to investigate the relationship between the perceived parenting styles and spirituality among the consecrated women in Kiambu County, Kenya. The study used four objectives on the consecrated women first examined the perceived parenting styles, second investigated the levels of spirituality, third established the relationship’ between the perceived parenting styles and levels of spirituality and lastly the relationship between ‘demographic characteristics and level of spirituality of consecrated women. The study was supported by ‘Baumrind’s Parenting Styles theory and Spiritual Development Theory. To determine the sample size of this study the researcher used proportionate stratified random sampling and simple random techniques. The ‘target population was’ 547 ‘with a sample size of’ 248 of consecrated women in Kiambu County. Parenting Style Inventory II (PSI-II) and Spiritual Well-Being Scale (SWBS) was employed in the study to gather information from the participants. The findings showed that authoritarian was the dominant parenting style with 78.2% followed by authoritative parenting of 55.5% and lastly permissive with highest of 43.7%. Level of spirituality showed low spirituality of 62.6% (149), moderate spirituality of 37.0% (88) and high of 0.4% (1). Relationship between parenting styles and spirituality showed permissive and authoritative parenting experienced negative correlations r (238) = –.24, p < .001 and r (238) = .21, p = .001 respectively while authoritarian’ parenting had no ‘significant correlation with spirituality showing r (238) = –.03, p = .67. Further demographic characteristics showed no significant associations: age, r (238) = –.06, p = .39; education, r (238) = –.10, p = .14. The study recommended having workshop on parenting to help parent understand influence parenting styles have to children as they grow up facilitated by psychologists or consecrated women.
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    Relationship between Prayer and Psychological Wellbeing Among Consecrated Persons in Selected Deaneries of the Catholic Diocese of Ngong, Kenya
    (Tangaza University, 2025-10) Omboto Jane Kwamboka
    Prayer is central to consecrated life, serving not only as a spiritual practice but also as a source of psychological strength. This study examined the relationship between prayer and psychological well-being (PWB) among consecrated persons in the Catholic Diocese of Ngong, Kenya. Grounded in Ryff’s Psychological Well-Being Theory and Relational Prayer Theory, the research adopted a quantitative, cross-sectional design using a census approach that included 213 participants. Data were analyzed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) Version 29. Descriptive statistics, correlation, and regression analysis were carried out to determine the levels of prayer and PWB and their relationship. The results revealed that 91% of participants reported high levels of prayer, indicating the centrality of prayer in consecrated life. Similarly, 78.4% demonstrated high PWB, with none in the low category, suggesting strong protective factors inherent in communal and spiritual life. The results show that age was positively associated with PWB (F = 2.714, p = .031), a statistically significant difference between male and female participants (F = 4.153, p = .043), education significantly predicted PWB (F = 3.723, p = .003) and a marginal relationship emerged between years in religious life and PWB (F = 2.242, p = .051). A statistically significant positive relationship was found between prayer and PWB (r = .316, p < .01), with regression results confirming that prayer significantly predicted PWB. The study concludes that prayer serves not only as a spiritual discipline but also as a psychological resource enhancing emotional stability, resilience, and purpose. It recommends integrating structured prayer and PWB support programs within religious communities to foster holistic wellbeing among consecrated persons.
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    Relationship between Social Support and Psychological Well-Being among Prisoners: A Case of Kamiti Maximum Security Prison, Nairobi County, Kenya.
    (Tangaza University, 2025-09) Mutua Jacob Musyoki Mbaya
    Imprisonment is widely regarded as a method of deterring individuals from committing further offences. However, life in prison often exposes inmates to a range of psychological challenges that require targeted interventions to promote mental well-being. This study examined the relationship between social support and psychological well-being among inmates at Kamiti Maximum Security Prison in Nairobi County, Kenya. Guided by four objectives, the study assessed the level of social support, the level of psychological well-being, the relationship between demographic characteristics on psychological well-being, and the relationship between social support and psychological well-being. The research was based on Don Drennon-Gala and Cullen’s Social Support Theory and Ryff’s Six-Factor Model. A positivist correlational survey design was employed. Data were collected using the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support and the Psychological Well-Being Scale. A simple random sampling technique was applied to select the participants. The findings showed that 73.3% of the respondents reported moderate social support, 17.4% experienced high support, while 9.3% had low support. Regarding psychological well-being, 90.4% fell within the moderate range, 6.7% scored high, and 2.9% were in the low range. A chi-square test showed that age, marital status, level of education, and years served in prison had no significant difference on psychological well-being. Marital status also showed no significant effect (p = .666). Pearson’s correlation analysis indicated a positive and statistically significant relationship between social support and psychological well-being (r = .193, p = .001). Regression analysis confirmed that social support significantly predicted psychological well-being (F (1, 311) = 11.97, p = .001). These findings emphasize the need to strengthen support systems for inmates, particularly through family visits, peer connections, friends and support from significant others. Encouraging self-reflection and healthy relationships within prison settings can enhance the psychological resilience of inmates.
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    Relationship between Childhood Trauma and Marital Satisfaction among Married Individuals in Ngando Location, Nairobi County, Kenya
    (Tangaza University, 2025-10) Susan Wanjiku Kimuhu
    This study examined the relationship between childhood trauma and marital satisfaction among married individuals in Ngando Location, Nairobi County, Kenya. The study objectives were to investigate the prevalence of different types of childhood trauma among married individuals, to assess the levels of marital satisfaction among married individuals, and to examine the relationship between childhood trauma and marital satisfaction among married individuals in Ngando, Nairobi County, Kenya. The study was guided by the attachment theory and structural family theory and employed a correlational survey design. A sample of 167 participants was drawn using the cluster sampling technique from two selected churches in Ngando Location, Sacred heart catholic church and PCEA Tumaini church. Within each cluster a census approach was employed to include all eligible participants. Data for the study were collected through the use of standardized tools: Childhood Trauma Questionnaire measuring childhood trauma and the ENRICH Marital Satisfaction (EMS) assessing marital satisfaction. The findings revealed a high prevalence of childhood trauma across all five subscales: physical neglect 79.3%, physical abuse 70.0%, emotional neglect 69.3%, sexual abuse 62.9%, and emotional abuse 55.7%. Physical neglect emerged as the most prevalent form of childhood trauma experienced by participants. In marital satisfaction, 35.0% of participants indicated low satisfaction, 59.7% indicated moderate satisfaction, and only 5.3% indicated high satisfaction. Pearson's correlation analysis revealed no statistically significant relationship between childhood trauma and marital satisfaction (r = .066, p = .438). The study concludes that, although there is high prevalence of childhood trauma among the studied population, it does not directly predict low or high marital satisfaction. The researcher recommends that couples and their communities participates in marriage enrichment programs, including counseling services and support groups, to enhance conflict resolution skills, communication, trust, and resilience. This study contributes to the existing literature by contextualizing the intersection between childhood trauma and marital satisfaction.
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    RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PERSONALITY FUNCTIONING AND RELAPSE RISK AMONG SUBSTANCE USE INDIVIDUALS IN TREATMENT CENTERS IN LANGATA SUB COUNTY, NAIROBI KENYA
    (Tangaza University, 2025-10) SUSAN NDINDA KIVUVA
    Substance use rehabilitation among individuals in recovery is significant to parents, peers, therapists and other stakeholders across the globe. Despite advances in addiction treatment, relapse rates remained extremely high in Langata sub-county. This study examined the relationship between personality functioning and relapse risk among substance use individuals undergoing treatment in Langata sub-county, Nairobi, Kenya. The objectives of the study were to examine the levels of personality functioning and relapse risk among substance use individuals undergoing treatment in Langata sub county, to investigate the relationship between personality functioning and relapse risk and to establish the significance of demographic characteristics of age, gender, marital status, admission criteria and relapse risk. The study was grounded by Interpersonal theory and Relapse prevention theory. The study employed a correlational research design, with a target population of 144 individuals. The Census method was used to include the whole population, giving a sample size of 144 participants. This study utilized two standardized tools, the Levels of Personality Functioning Scale (LPFS) and the Stimulant Relapse Risk Scale (SRRS), to collect data. The data was analyzed using descriptive statistics (percentages, frequencies) and inferential statistics and particularly Pearson Correlation coefficient, t-test and One Way ANOVA. The results showed that 57.6% (72 respondents) scored on category of healthy functioning. There were 15.2% (19 respondents) who scored on the category of mild or subclinical level of personality functioning, 12% (15 respondents) fell into the category of clinically dysfunctional and 5.6% (7 respondents) were severely dysfunctional and 9.6% (12 respondents) were extremely dysfunctional. Furthermore, the results showed that 2.4% (3 respondents) were in the category of low level of stimulant relapse risk. There were 56.8% (71 respondents) who were in the category of moderate level of stimulant relapse. There were 40.8% (51 respondents) who scored in category of high level of stimulant relapse risk. Moreover, the results showed strong positive relationship (n = 125, r = .683, p = .000) between personality functioning and stimulant relapse risk among the substance use addicts. Finally, there was a significant difference between demographic characteristics and relapse risk. There was a significant difference in the scores for relapse risk between Male (M = 98.11, SD = 28.24) and Female participants (M = 113.00, SD = 32.47) at conditions, t (123) =. -2.21, p = .03. The results showed that there was significance difference between age and relapse risk (r = .434, p. ≥ .05). Also, the results showed there was a significant difference between marital status and relapse risk (r = .013, p. ≥ .05). The descriptive statistics emerging from the results suggested that there was a significant difference in the scores for relapse risk between Voluntary (M = 98.22, SD = 26.49) and Involuntary participants (M = 103.36, SD = 32.44) at conditions t (123) =.052, p = .033. The study recommended that addiction counselors to tailor individualized treatment plan for each client in line with their personality functioning and levels of risk of relapse.
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    Relationship Between Social Support and Depression among Individuals Undergoing Rehabilitation from Drug and Substance Use in Rehabilitation Centres in Ongata Rongai, Kajiado County, Kenya.
    (Tangaza University, 2025-08) Nancy Esther Lugano
    Social support is a fundamental component that may facilitate healing and recovery for drug and substance use addicts. This study investigated the relationship between social support and depression among individuals undergoing rehabilitation from drug and substance use in rehabilitation centres in Ongata Rongai, Kajiado County, Kenya. It focused on four objectives: to find out levels of social support, to examine levels of depression, to examine the relationship between demographic characteristics and depression, and to establish the relationship between social support and depression among individuals undergoing rehabilitation for drug and substance use in Ongata Rongai, Kajiado County, Kenya. The research was informed by social support theory and the Beck theory of depression. The target population for this study was 800 drug and substance use addicts. The sample size was 287 participants. The study used the simple random sampling technique. The Berlin Social Support Scale (BSSS) and the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-II) were used to collect data. Data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics; utilizing SPSS version 25. Ethical consideration has been adhered to. The findings revealed that a majority (88%, n = 242) of the participants were at high level of social support, while (12%, n = 32) were at moderate level of social support. In addition, 14.7% of the participants had no depression, 28.5% of the participants were at mild mood disturbance, 11.0% of the participants were at borderline clinical depression, 23.7% of the participants scored moderate depression, 16.4% had severe depression, while 5.7% of the participants were at the extreme depression. There was a weak significant negative correlation (r = -.272, p = .000 ≤ 0.05) between age and depression. There was a significant association between level of education and depression (p = 0.015 < 0.05). The study established that there was a moderate significant relationship (r = -.364, p = .000 ≤ 0.05) between social support and depression among individuals undergoing rehabilitation from drug and substance use in rehabilitation centres in Ongata Rongai, Kajiado County, Kenya. The study recommended that rehabilitation centres should include vigorous mental health services like regular psychiatric evaluations, counseling, and individualized therapy sessions to directly address depression levels among clients.
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    Relationship between Parenting Styles and Spiritual Wellbeing among Catholic Emerging Adults in Western Deanery, Archdioceses of Nairobi, Kenya.
    (Tangaza University, 2025-01) KAW MAI
    Parenting style greatly influences many areas of emerging adults' lives, especially their spiritual well-being. This quantitative study investigated the relationship between parenting styles and spiritual well-being among Catholic emerging adults of the Western Deanery Archdiocese of Nairobi, Kenya. A proportional stratified sampling technique was used to obtain a sample size of 290 emerging adults aged 18 to 29 years. The study had three objectives: to find out the parenting styles, to establish the levels of spiritual well-being, and to examine the relationship between parenting styles and spiritual well-being. Family System Theory informed this research. The Parental Authority Questionnaire (PAQ) and Spiritual Well-Being Scale (SWBS) were used for the data collection. The descriptive statistics considered were frequencies, ranges, percentiles, means, and standard deviations. Pearson’s correlation was used for inferential statistics performed using SPSS version 25. The results of descriptive statistics identified three parenting styles: authoritarian (M =35.48, 70.96 %), authoritative was (M = 34.49, 68.98%), and permissiveness polled at (M =25.75, 51.50%). Descriptive analysis revealed that the levels of spiritual well-being were 1.1%, 98.5 %, and 0.4% at low, moderate, and high levels, respectively. The results obtained from the inferential statistics analysis, specifically the Pearson correlation between parenting styles and spiritual well-being, indicated a weak negative relationship (r = -0.014, p = 0.813). This study recommends that emerging adults prioritize spiritual well-being and remain proactive in spiritual growth activities in the church, which promotes their spiritual well-being.