Economic Reconversion in the Zem Industry to improve Zem Operators' Socio-economic Well-being, in Cotonou, Benin.
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Date
2023-10-10
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Tangaza University College
Abstract
The informal motorcycle transport sector plays an essential (pivotal) role in the economy of
developing nations. In Benin, where the sector of motorcycle transport locally known as
Zemidjan or Zem accounts for 75% of transport services, providing livelihoods for about 90%
of informal workers, many such supply-side workers still face significant socio-economic
hardships that undermine their overall quality of life. This study examined economic
reconversion approach aiming at facilitating social transformation by broadening occupational
choices and resilience for informal workers, in order to reshape life trajectories of Zem
operators, in Cotonou (Benin). Anchored in a pragmatic philosophical paradigm, a concurrent
mixed methods design was employed with a survey (N=420) using simple random sampling
and semi-structured interviews (N=15 key informants), informed by the theoretical frameworks
of contestable markets, mechanism design, and developmental interventions. Five objectives
investigated the influence of market entry into Zem business, education level, existing
regulations, finance access, and willingness for reconversion, on operators' socio-economic
well-being. The quantitative data were analysed using descriptive statistics and regression
analysis, while thematic analysis was conducted for qualitative data. Results found ease of entry
negatively influenced income (β=-.477, p<.05). Higher education positively impacted well being (β=.105, p<.05). Regulations showed a negative association (β=-.134, p<.05) while
finance access correlated positively (β=.377, p<.05). Quantitatively speaking, the results
revealed mixed reactions regarding occupational reconversion among Zem operators. A
substantial majority (84.6%) expressed their willingness to transition, with driving motives
including dissatisfaction, health problems, work-life balance, and economic uncertainties,
notably with regard to retirement benefits. On the flip side, a minority (15.4%) were either
indifferent or had explicitly expressed their intention to continue working as Zem service
providers. The study recommends human capital development programs to equip Zem
operators with marketable skills. It stresses the implementation of sound economic policies to
improve microcredit schemes and access to finance, as well as the creation of stable and
enabling business environment, free from excessive taxes and regulations. Furthermore,
national and local political bodies should explore viable job opportunities in sectors currently
under-optimised. The implication for policymakers is to create operational frameworks that
provide for intra- and extra-sector economic reconversion, geared towards improving income
levels and diversifying occupational opportunities.