Masters in Social Transformation

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Access to Justice Regarding Property Rights for Widows: A Case of Three Wards in Nairobi City County, Kenya
(Tangaza University College, 2019-08) Muteithia, Catherine
The problem investigated by this study was access to justice regarding property rights for widows in Kasarani, Kibera and Kayole wards in Nairobi City County. The injustice suffered by widows in Kenya casts doubts on the equality envisioned in the Constitution of Kenya (2010) and its contribution to sustainable development of the society. This study employed the descriptive research design and made use of the mixed method design as both qualitative and quantitative data was required to provide more comprehensive as well as substantive data. The researcher used questionnaires, interviews and focus group discussions to gather both qualitative and quantitative data. Content analysis was used to analyze qualitative data through identification of themes concerning challenges affecting widows as they access justice, cultural factors that facilitate the social exclusion of widows, and assess knowledge of existing laws and institutions that may assist the widows. The main objective of this research was to find out the specific areas and strategies that the widows could use to contribute towards property rights and social inclusion for social transformation. The study identified the barriers that stop widows from accessing justice and explored the levels of awareness and avenues of seeking legal redress among widows. The researcher further proposed that if there are interventions by significant others government, NGOs and CBOs, the family, religious institutions- the problem of inaccessible justice would greatly reduce if not eliminated altogether.
AN ASSESSMENT OF THE SUSTAINABILITY OF SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT IN SCHOOLS OF KENYA: (A case study of Rusinga Schools in Nairobi County)
(Tangaza University, 2024-07) BEATRICE NABURI NAKHOLI
The aim of this study was to establish the sustainability of managing solid waste in schools in Kenya using Rusinga School as a case study. The study was steered by four objectives namely: exploring the factors that enhance sustainable waste management in schools, assessment of students’ involvement in sustainable waste management in schools, examining the contribution of government policies to enhancing sustainable waste management in schools and an assessment of the contribution of various resources to enhancing sustainable waste management in schools. A descriptive research design with qualitative and quantitative approaches was used in the study. Data was collected using self-administered questionnaires and face to face interviews with a target population of 330 students, 7 staff members of Rusinga School, 9 from County Government of Nairobi and 4 from Taka Taka solutions. The sampling procedure was guided by both probability and non-probability sampling techniques. Findings showed that factors that enhance sustainable waste management included knowledge and skills reported by 69.9% of the students. Of the students who took part in the study, 16.4% indicated to be knowledgeable of sustainable waste management (SWM) procedure, 16.4% said they lacked training on SWM while 13.6% were indifferent to having had SWM training. With regards to their involvement in sustainable waste management, 71.4% of the students were not directly involved or actively playing a role in the SWM process. However, from the qualitative responses, it was affirmed that there was an enactment of Government policies on SWM although schools are struggling to implement them. Subsequently, 60.7% of the student responses refuted the existence of a structured SWM system and qualitatively the respondents affirmed a lack of adequate resources to managing solid waste among other challenges. The study recommends that awareness creation on waste and training on SWM to enhance knowledge and skills of learners and other stakeholders be carried out. In the long term, the study recommends the introduction of the waste literacy curriculum aimed at behaviour change of students who will then influence the entire community within the community.
Assessment of The Influence of Competitive Strategies on The Financial Performance of Small and Medium Dairy Processors in Nairobi County
(Tangaza University College, 2020-03) Mwangangi, Veronica
The dairy industry in Kenya plays an important role in the creation of employment and food security. It is one of the major drivers which the country is using to achieve the Sustainable Development goals and Kenya Vision 2030. The success of the sector however, is dependent on the ability of the different firms to improve performance through gaining a competitive edge that is sustainable. The main purpose of this study was to find out the competitive strategies used by small and medium dairy processors in Nairobi County, and to assess the influence the competitive strategies have on the financial performance of the firms. Specifically, the study sought to find out the competitive strategies used by small and medium dairy processors in Nairobi County, assess the influence of cost leadership strategy on the financial performance of small and medium dairy processors in Nairobi County, evaluate the effect of differentiation on the financial performance of small and medium dairy processors in Nairobi County, establish the influence of cost focus on the financial performance of small and medium dairy processors in Nairobi County, and determine the effect of differentiation focus on the financial performance of small and medium dairy processors in Nairobi County. The study used a descriptive survey research design, and a census of the firms. Questionnaire was the key instrument of data collection. The data collected was analyzed using descriptive statistics. The summarized information was presented using tables and charts. The study found out that the dairy enterprises had adopted the differentiation strategy more than the cost leadership, cost focus and differentiation focus strategies as represented by 32% of the respondents. Additionally, from the findings of the study, 67.5% who were the majority of the respondents indicated that cost leadership had influence on the performance of the firms to a moderate extent, while 62.7% agreed that differentiation strategy influenced performance to a very large extent. Cost focus strategy with 31.3% majority and differentiation focus strategy with 44.5% majority also had influenced the performance of the firms positively to a moderate and large extent respectively. This implies that the adoption of Porter’s generic strategies influences the performance of firms. The study concluded that firms use more of the differentiation strategy since it had more influence on sales growth than cost leadership, cost focus, and differentiation focus strategies. It is recommended that a longitudinal and inferential study be carried out on a larger study population of the small and medium dairy firms, which extends beyond Nairobi County. The study recommended that a replication of the study be carried out using more objective measures of performance like profits. The conclusions made from the study findings may be used by managers of both existing firms and new entrants into the industry, who may need to make decisions on what competitive strategies may be suited to their business in order to position themselves in the industry and to improve performance.
CHALLENGES FACING BACKYARD POULTRY FARMING PRODUCTION IN URBAN AREAS IN EMBAKASI EAST CONSTITUENCY-NAIROBI COUNTY, KENYA
(Tangaza University, 2025-10) ROSEMARY GAKII JAVAN
The purpose of the study was to investigate the challenges facing backyard poultry farming production in urban areas of Kenya taking Embakasi East Constituency-Nairobi County as a case in point. Specifically, the study sought to establish how farm inputs influence backyard poultry production, determine the socio-economic factors influence backyard poultry production, determine how technology adaptation influence backyard poultry production and finally explore how availability of Market influence backyard poultry production in Embakasi East Constituency in Nairobi County- Kenya. Data was collected from a sample of 90 back-yard poultry farmers derived from a target population of 300 farmers who were registered with Embakasi East Nairobi County Government. Purposive and cluster sampling techniques was applied in selecting the farmers included in the sample size. Quantitative data was analyzed using descriptive statistics and qualitative data through thematic analysis. The questionnaires and interview guide instruments were used to collect data. The quantitative information from the questionnaires was coded, keyed into a computer and the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) was used to analyze data. Qualitative information from interviews was arranged and presented in narrative forms and direct quote. The study was anchored on three theories namely: Ecological Systems Theory that explores how different environmental systems shape human behavior and activities, Sustainable Livelihoods Approach (SLA), which explores how people use assets and capabilities to sustain livelihoods, and Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB), which explains that behavior is determined by attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control. The study emphasized the importance of understanding challenges facing backyard poultry farming in urban areas in order to effectively develop interventions and policies that promote and enhance the sustainability of this agricultural practice. The study aim was to contribute to the knowledge base by providing insights into the key challenges facing backyard poultry farming. By conducting this analysis, the researcher intended to identify the challenges and opportunities surrounding this practice in urban areas of Kenya. Key findings reveals that poultry farmers face significant challenges related to access, resources, and knowledge, general trend of limited adoption of modern poultry technologies among respondents. Backyard poultry farmers face significant challenges related to market availability and also key structural weaknesses identified in marketing strategy, market accessibility, and distribution networks. The study recommends addressing these systemic barriers and through coordinated efforts, stakeholders can significantly improve the livelihoods of smallholder poultry farmers and unlock the potential of backyard poultry as a viable and sustainable income-generating activity.
Challenges Facing Urban Refugees in Running Small Scale Businesses: A Case of Great Lakes Refugees in Nairobi County
(Tangaza University College, 2017) Maina, Charles Githua
The main objective of this research was to study the challenges facing the urban Great Lakes Refugees doing small scale businesses in Nairobi County - Kenya. The study examined whether the great lakes refugees had legal documents, whether they were able to access finance for small scale businesses, whether they faced security issues while trading in Nairobi County and whether they had capacity to access the market for their products. The study attempted to explain how the urban great lakes refugees acquired and faced the challenges in search of livelihood. A situational analysis was carried out as the background for the formulation of the research problem and a systematic review of literature was conducted to establish the theoretical and conceptual framework. The study methodology used was a combination of both qualitative and quantitative research design. Population of urban great lakes refugees was 468 and those doing small scale businesses were 197. Purposive sampling was used to select 60 respondents to fill the questionnaires, where later four Focused Groups Discussions (FDGs) comprising ten members each were carried out for the verification and complementarity of the questionnaires responses. The data analysis was done using descriptive statistics while inferential statistics were used to draw conclusions from the collected data and presented using pie charts, bar graphs, frequency tables and percentages. This was done through Statistical Package for Social Scientists (SPSS) and Ms Excel. The found that very view urban great lakes refugees had proper legal documents to allow them live and work in Nairobi County, thus living majority of them hidden “illegally” in the public fabric. They involved themselves with all manner of small scale businesses for livelihood. These businesses had no legal permits since they were not registered with the relevant County authorities. They also faced great challenges in accessing finances/loans for start-ups or for growth of their businesses. Majority had received small amount of cash from TUSA only once, which was insufficient and had no capacity to acquire more due to repayment challenges or lack of collateral for the same. They had no capacity to acquire finance from government institutions. On the other hand, those who were venturing into businesses had high challenges on book keeping skills for they lacked financial and management skills. Great lakes refugees living in Nairobi (City) County, faced numerous security issues. These included arrests by police officers, harassment, intimidation, threats, sexual abuse, assaults, thefts and tribal conflicts. They were arrested, harassed and beaten by security agents and money was demanded from them. They faced the similar security challenges from the local citizens. These challenges were attributed to lack or delays in issuing refugee status legal documentations. Closure of Department of Refugee Affairs and fear of deportations blocked majority of refugees from seeking registration or renewal of their documents. The great lakes refugees in small scale businesses faced a challenge to accessing the market and depending with the kinds of products they traded, they took between one to thirty days in selling away their products. Refugees in the urban centres in Nairobi County faced societal challenges too. These included language barriers, lack of formal education, ethnic differences from fellow refugees. They lacked sufficient knowledge or awareness of refugee Acts or policies that facilitated their rights as human persons and therefore the society took advantage of this over them. The study also attempted to analyse the relationship faith and experiences in order to understand how faith, wisdom, experience, traditions and general knowledge kept the refugees moving on with life. The study ended by proposing participatory action – oriented plan and strategies based on short and long term plans. These included meetings, seminars/training workshops, language training, small group’s kitty, creating networks/alliances/collaboration/partnership, lobbying and advocacy, visibility campaigns, co-operative formations, budgeting/fundraising, on- going research, monitoring and evaluation and finally integration programme. All these are aimed to achieve Social Transformation for urban refugees in Nairobi County.
CONTRIBUTION OF FISH FARMING BUSINESS TO YOUTH EMPLOYMENT IN KAMUTHANGA VILLAGE, MACHAKOS COUNTY, KENYA
(Tangaza University, 2024-05) BAISSA ATAKPA
Fish farming represents significant socio-economic opportunities that can address youth unemployment in various African countries, particularly in the case of Kamuthanga village, Machakos County, Kenya. Despite the presence of abundant fish farming resources in Africa and the efforts made by African governments to promote this sector, youth participation remains limited. This study examined the contribution of fish farming in generating sustainable employment for young people in Kamuthanga village. It had the objective to determine the extent to which the fish farming industry in Kamuthanga, Machakos County, Kenya, contributes to young people’s employment. Two theories were used to develop the theoretical framework of the study namely, entrepreneurship theory and anthropological entrepreneurship theory. The research design adopted for this study is a qualitative case study approach. Triangulation ensured a comprehensive understanding, with in-depth interviews capturing individual perceptions and key informant interviews exploring business opportunities. The study used focus group interviews with unemployed youth, facilitating collective exploration, and employed purposive sampling to ensure valuable insights. A total of twenty-six (26) people participated in this study. Data was analyzed with Qualitative Data Analysis (QDA) Miner Lite software utilizing a thematic analysis approach, with data organization, coding, and theme development conducted sequentially to align with the study objectives. Results indicated significant opportunities in fish farming, including job creation, income generation, and food security enhancement. The study also identified factors hindering youth involvement, such as water scarcity, financial constraints, and some cultural barriers. Additionally, it revealed a strong demand for training, capacity building, and financial support among Kamuthanga’s youth to enhance their engagement in fish farming. The findings reveal valuable insights into the potential of fish farming as a solution to youth unemployment and shed light on the necessary measures to promote greater youth involvement in the business. The study concludes that fish farming in Kamuthanga village holds promise in alleviating unemployment and poverty, providing economic empowerment, addressing nutritional deficiencies, and enhancing overall food security. The researcher’s recommendations include simplifying the process and reducing the costs of obtaining business licenses, ensuring water availability, offering entrepreneurship and financial literacy training, and facilitating access to microfinance loans and funding opportunities through government or non-governmental organizations.
The Contribution of Indigenous Economic knowledge and Practices to Social Transformation
(Tangaza University College, 2019-06) Sergon Jelagat, Pascalia
The study engages the Endorois ethnic group from Sinende Location of Baringo County in Kenya to examine African indigenous economic knowledge practices to Social Transformation. It incorporates systems, practices and values, and their contribution to maintaining social well-being and economic equity. Further, it attempts to show that negative elements of the neo-liberal capitalist model such as individualism, greed and ecological destruction can be re-balanced by the adoption of African indigenous economic practices and values. In doing so, the study seeks to demonstrate how displacing indigenous economic practices and values affect the community. Linking indigenous economic knowledge, practices, and values to social transformation, the study seeks to establish that both share similar approaches to achieving an egalitarian community. The study adopted an ethnographic approach. Capability Approach theory, and the Balanced-Growth theory, together with the Kalenjin philosophy of maat supported the study. Data were gathered through observation and participation in the community’s activities, events and ceremonies, one-to-one in-depth interviews (IDIs) with key informants and Focus Group Discussions (FGDs) with Endorois Councils of Elders. The participants, during this fields work, were purposively selected with help from community’s influencers from Lake Bogoria and Sinende areas of Endorois community. The selection of participants focused on those who were considered knowledgeable in culture and history of the Endorois. The findings of the study show that indigenous economic practices and values of the Endorois accords every member of the community a ‘universal right’ to procure wealth while prohibiting the destruction of nature’s resources. The findings also point out that abandonment of African indigenous economic system and adoption of neo-liberal economic model could be key amongst causes of social, economic and ecological crises experienced in Africa and particularly by Endorois community. The findings further propose that re-engaging Endorois indigenous economic practices and values can pave the way for social transformation and reduce individualism, economic inequality, and destruction of natural resources.
CONTRIBUTION OF LAND TENURE SYSTEMS TO FOOD SECURITY AMONG THE BAYAKA OF BELEMBOKE I AND BELEMBOKE IV IN NOLA, CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC
(2024-08) Yonlonfoun Ishola Anselme
Land and food security are crucial issues that impact people everywhere, but they are especially vital for indigenous communities around the world. The purpose of this study was to determine the contribution of land tenure systems to food security among the Bayaka of Belemboke I and Belemboke IV, in the Central African Republic. The study specific’s objectives were to assess land tenure systems’ contribution on food security, to appraise the impact of land tenure security on food security and, to identify a social transformational framework for land tenure systems and food security among the Bayaka of Belemboke I and Belemboke IV in Nola, Central African Republic. The study was anchored on Functional differentiation theory, "Zo kwe Zo" perspective, and Lockean proviso theory. Using an ethnological approach, 59 youth and adult participants were selected through snowball and purposive sampling. Data collection methods used were interview guides, focus group discussions guide and observations guide. Triangulation ensured trustworthiness, and thematic analysis was used. In alignment with (SDG 15) Life on Land, (SDG 2) Zero Hunger, (SDG 16) Peace, Justice and Strong Institutions and ILO Convention 169, the research revealed a strong connection between land tenure security and food security for the Bayaka, highlighting the importance of land rights for their sustenance and well-being. Private land ownership enhances FS despite communal resource changes. Disparities between villages, especially Belemboke I's stable LTS, foster community development despite encroachment and disputes. The findings highlight the interdependence of LTSs and FS, underscoring the need for collaborative approaches to address the complex challenges faced by indigenous communities. The outcome of the study could enhance land and food security for the Bayaka by improving sustainable cultural practices into innovative environmental conservation efforts.
CONTRIBUTION OF WOMEN ENGINEERS TOWARDS SUSTAINABLE BUILDING CONSTRUCTION IN NAIROBI CITY COUNTY, KENYA
(Tangaza University, 2025-09) MUHINDO MULANGO Roger
While the construction industry is striving to increase women’s participation in the sustainable building construction industry, their contribution remains largely misunderstood, undefined, and undervalued in various phases of building construction. This study assessed the contribution of women engineers towards sustainable building in Nairobi City County in Kenya. Qualitative methods were used to gather data for this research. Women engineers in different departments in Nairobi with a specific target of La Femme Engineering Services Ltd (LFE) constituted the target population of the study. This research used a non-probability purposive sampling method to choose 16 participants who constituted the sample size of the population. The data collection from the participants entailed the use of qualitative instruments, namely the in-depth interview guide, key informant guide, observation checklist guide, and content analysis guide. The Qualitative Data Analysis (QDA) Miner Lite software was utilised to create codes and perform data analysis based on thematic and content analysis. The findings aligned with the objectives of this study and illustrated the lived experiences of participants across three worksites, including the head office of LFE, Zimmerman, and Ruiru apartments. Under barriers and enablers, respondents highlighted education as a crucial facilitator for women engineers, while the absence of role models emerged as a primary obstacle. In terms of impacts, the value was the highest contribution of women engineers. Then, unique perspectives, green energy, and advocacy for sustainability were the top elements that women impacted with the building sector. The research concluded that women engineers made significant contributions to sustainable building in terms of innovation and creativity, eco-friendly materials and energy efficiency, and leadership and management. However, they expressed the issue of educational accessibility and the environment not being conducive for women. The researcher recommends institutionalising mentorship programs and leadership roles and improving STEM access for girls, enforcing gender equality and gender-sensitive policy.
Determinants of Public Participation on Women's Leadership in Nyatike Sub County, Migori County, Kenya
(Tangaza University, 2024-10) MILLICENT DOROTHY KAJIMBA
This study investigates the determinants of public participation in women's leadership in Nyatike Sub County, Migori County, Kenya. It specifically examines the factors influencing women’s involvement in decision-making processes, assesses the impact of institutional policies on women's leadership, and evaluates the effectiveness of public participation mechanisms in enhancing women's leadership within the region. Guided by feminist, public administration, and participatory development theories, the research employed a mixed-methods design utilizing a convergent parallel approach to collect both quantitative and qualitative data. The target population consisted of men and women leaders aged 18 years and above, with a sample size of 200 respondents selected through stratified random sampling for quantitative data and purposive sampling for qualitative insights. Data were collected using structured questionnaires and in-depth interview guides, with subsequent analysis performed using descriptive and inferential statistics via the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). The findings revealed that socio-cultural factors, including traditional gender roles and family responsibilities, significantly impede women's participation in decision-making, affecting 55% of respondents. Institutional policies were shown to have limited effectiveness, as only 28% of participants recognized their role in promoting women's leadership. Moreover, public participation mechanisms were underutilized, with only 45% of respondents indicating meaningful engagement in decision-making processes. Statistical analyses, including Pearson correlation and chi-square tests, indicated weak associations between gender distribution, monthly income, and institutional biases. In conclusion, the study highlights the critical role of sociocultural constraints and inadequate institutional support as significant barriers to women's leadership in Nyatike Sub County. To enhance women’s participation in leadership roles, the study recommends the implementation of gender sensitization programs aimed at challenging entrenched traditional norms, policy reforms to strengthen institutional frameworks, and the promotion of inclusive public participation initiatives to ensure women’s voices are meaningfully incorporated into decision-making processes. Additionally, the study advocates for further research to investigate additional factors influencing women’s leadership participation and to assess the long-term impact of the proposed interventions on women’s roles in leadership.
Determinants of Socio-Economic Empowerment of Karamojong Women in Napak District, Uganda
(Tangaza University College, 2020) Sarah, Marie A. K.
The study was about the socio-economic empowerment of women and was carried out at Napak District of Karamoja region in Uganda. This study examined how women’s income generating activities, available financial services, women representation in decision making and cultural transformation of community influence the socio-economic empowerment of the women of Napak District. The study employed mixed method. The study sampled 388 respondents who were selected through both probability and non-probability sampling methods with quantitative and qualitative design. The sample comprised of 388 respondents. Purposive and snowball techniques were used for selection of focus groups discussion members and interviewees. Quantitative data was analyzed following the research objectives using descriptive statistics with support of the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS v.21) while thematic and content analysis was done for the qualitative data. The themes were based on the objectives of the study. The study found out that food chain related businesses like cereal business, catering and hotel services, beer brewing and sale, vegetables business are sustainable and most profitable. Livestock business is still out of the domain of women due to cultural constraints, distances and the capital involved. Women involved in business are more sustainable, though their entrepreneur skills are not adequate. The study also found out that, women are not familiar with the available financial services as there is not a single bank in the district. In the area of influence of women in decision-making, the findings indicate that women leaders on the lower cadres are a source of inspiration and knowledge for other women. Those on national and county levels are not close to the women as to understand their situation as they only come when duty calls. Another finding was that the traditional culture of the Karamojong of Napak District still remains strong especially the retrogressive customs like wife inheritance, polygamy, early marriages, women domestication and forced marriages. In conclusion, self-help groups seem to be the best option of empowerment for the women of Napak District as the community resources dictate but there is need of human resource empowerment and creations of links both within and with the neighbouring districts for fair business deals. There is an urgent need of financial literacy for the independence of the businesses of the women. While in the area of retrogressive practices, the women need the support of the government for enforcement of the laws, as the practices are still quite strong. The study recommends that entrepreneurial skills of women be further developed as the most sustainable source of income. In order to engage in major businesses women need to have access and knowledge on financial management and services. The government needs to provide this service through banks. Women in decision-making positions are encouraged to create networks and programmes for systemically educating women on what government offers and on fitting empowerment strategies. Further study is required in the area of the retrogressive practices in Karamoja especially on early and forced marriages as they merge closely with traditional marriages.
Developing a Holistic Resolution Framework to Address the Conflict in South, Central Somalia
(Tangaza University College, 2018-03) R. A. Owinow, George
Since 1991, Somalia has been in a state of conflict, particularly in the South and Central regions. Several attempts to reconstruct the state have failed and the current African Union Mission in Somalia (AMISOM) peace process is not guaranteed to succeed either. The multi–dimensionality of intractable conflicts requires that interveners understand the system of conflicts from various perspectives and approach it comprehensively. This study was guided by three objectives: First, to establish the underlying causes of the conflict particularly in South and Central Somali through an analysis. Second, through study and review of literature to explore and determine appropriate measures to address the issues underlying and driving the conflict, and lastly, to develop a suitable conflict resolution framework that will address the conflict in a holistic manner. The research was conducted in parts of South, and Central Somalia experiencing the conflict. The research has adopted two theories related to conflict. These are Karl Marx’s theory of conflict and Morton Devesch theory of conflict resolution which recognizes the existence of opposing forces in society due to competing interests. The guiding theory of Devesch adapted by this research contends that conflict resolution factors such as goals, aims and issues are pivotal in determining the success of the resolution mechanisms adopted by negotiators. A descriptive research design with a qualitative approach was used in the study. The target group for this study included elected persons from groups deemed to be directly involved and affected by the conflict such as leaders at all levels, Somali elders, religious leaders, women, the youth and the security agencies involved in the African Union Mission in Somalia (AMISOM). The research used a non –probability sampling technique which sought to involve a number of respondents that form a fair representation of the people affected by the conflict and those involved in its resolutions. Data collected was analysed qualitatively to generate information on the respondents view on key issues addressed. The study found that the conventional method of resolving conflict in a Politico-Security fashion was inadequate in addressing some fundamental issues. It was therefore necessary to adopt a more holistic approach to address most of the issues. The framework designed to address the issues combined peace research theory and peace practice by practitioners who must work together in the resolution process. The research further emphasizes the need for close coordination and synchronization of activities in time and space to ensure success. More research is therefore recommended in the area of coordination of the resolution process.
DIGITAL MARKETING STRATEGIES AND SOCIAL ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN LUSAKA PROVINCE, ZAMBIA
(Tangaza University, 2025-10) Mwape Chewe
The study explored the assessment of digital marketing strategies on social entrepreneurship in Lusaka Province, Zambia. Social entrepreneurship aims to address social problems while remaining financially sustainable. Digital marketing offers cost-effective tools to reach a wider audience, promote social ventures, and raise awareness about social causes. The research investigated how social entrepreneurs in Lusaka Province are utilizing digital marketing platforms and analyzed the effectiveness of these strategies in achieving their social and financial goals. The study also explored the challenges faced by social enterprises in adopting digital marketing and suggested potential solutions. Assessing digital marketing and social entrepreneurship, the research has contributed to the development of effective strategies for promoting social good and achieving sustainable social change. Employing a mixed methods approach, the research combined quantitative and qualitative methods to provide a understanding of this relationship. The quantitative aspect utilized surveys and questionnaires to gather data from a representative sample of social enterprises, measuring their digital marketing practices and their perceived impact on social impact goals. The qualitative component involved in-depth interviews with key stakeholders, including social entrepreneurs and digital marketing experts. This allowed for an exploration of the experiences, challenges, and opportunities associated with digital marketing in the social entrepreneurship landscape of Lusaka Province. Combining these methodologies, the research offered valuable insights into how social enterprises can leverage digital marketing to amplify their social impact and contribute to positive social change in Zambia. The study used 140 respondents to make a study population which was drawn from total number of registered enterprises by PACRA the board mandate to register businesses and organizations in Zambia. The research focused on awareness, effectiveness, challenges, measuring social impact and government policies as major areas of concentration to achieve the results in digital marketing and how these affect social entrepreneurship either non-financial or financial. Data collected was analyzed using descriptive and statistical analysis with the support of SPSS. Themes were presented as they emerged in the data analysis. The findings of the study showed that the majority of the entrepreneurs were aware of the strategies and were using at least one of the digital marketing tool but most of them are struggling with reaching effectiveness, measuring social impact. Different challenges like lack of funding and bureaucracy in government policies were observed. The study recommends strategies such as re-allocating marketing budget of funds for digital marketing, creating online brand community, developing social media performance matric, employing social media expert and investing in training and digital marketing knowledge. Conversely, the study showed that there was a significant influence of government policies on the relationship between digital marketing and social entrepreneurshi
Effective Pastoral Leadership in The Small Christian Communities for Evangelization in Tigania Deanery, Meru Catholic Diocese, Kenya
(Tangaza University College, 2019) Muthamia, Stephen Mbae
Leading others is a challenge, a great opportunity which includes serious responsibilities. This requires one to be passionate when serving people, it also calls for skills, commitment and great sacrifice to evangelize the people. However this does not seem to be the case in pastoral leadership of Meru catholic Diocese in Tigania Deanery. The research identified pastoral leadership skills needed for effective evangelization in the small Christian communities in Tigania Deanery, Meru Diocese. The general objective of this study was to investigate into the required skills and competencies needed in pastoral leadership for effective participatory and responsive leadership in Tigania Deanery, and to come up with action plan on how to equip leaders with those skills. The research has dealt with a review of the available literature, which demonstrates the need to cultivate skills and competencies for effective evangelizing Christians in Tigania deanery in Meru Diocese. The study employed both qualitative and quantitate research methods. The researcher used mixed method design, qualitative design that enabled to analyze the data using frequencies table, and in-depth interviews. Quantitative design we use the questionnaire to help the researcher get statistical data analysis. The researcher used purposive and random sampling methods of qualitative research. Simple random and purposive sampling procedures were used during data collection. That enables research to take place in the communities. The structure of investigation conceived helped in obtaining answers to questions. Data analysis was done using SPSS that used descriptive statistics. The findings on effective pastoral leadership for evangelizations expressed, lacks skills and competencies. The findings confirmed that pastoral leaders in Tigania deanery lacks leadership skills for evangelizing effectively in the SCCs. The findings could draw conclusion that it is important for pastoral leaders to undergo training programs because most of them have been chosen yet they absolutely lack leadership skills. More comprehensive studies should be undertaken to include a larger population in order to ascertain whether effective pastoral leadership in the SCCs in the Diocese is apostolate oriented.
Effects of Airport Development on the Kenyan Economy: A Case of Jomo Kenyatta International Airport
(Tangaza University College, 2018-07) Hussein I., Amin
The main aim of this study was to determine the effect of airport development on economic development in Kenya. The specific objectives were to examine employment creation, revenue generation and cost of air transportation as the specific objectives. The objectives of the study were to establish the relationship between airport employment creation and economic development of Kenya, to evaluate the effect of airport revenue generation on the economic development of Kenya and to determine the effect of the cost of air transportation on the economic development of Kenya. The descriptive research design was used in this study and the sampling method was purposive sampling. 304 respondents were drawn from Jomo Kenyatta International Airport. The respondents were drawn purposively based on their knowledge in matters concerning the development of various aspects of the airport. Therefore, the researcher investigated JKIA’s development in relation to employment creation, revenue generation and cost of airport transportation. Primary data was collected through administration of questionnaires. Data collected during the study was then sorted, organized, entered and analysed using Scientific Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) program where descriptive analysis was carried out. The study findings indicate that there is an expected upsurge in the levels of employment with the building of an airport. With the upsurge in employment opportunities and the growth of businesses around an airport, the resultant effect will be an increase in revenue collection. The increase in revenue generation portends better times for both governments as there is a better chance for implementation of programs meant for the betterment of the population. Policy implication of these findings means that the Kenyan government should increase budgetary allocation in the improvement of both international and local airports considering their economic viability.
Effects of Climate Change on Women's Socio-Economic Development in Mwea East Sub-County, Kirinyaga County, Kenya
(Tangaza University College, 2023-10-02) Mwai, Eva
Climate change has had adverse impacts on people’s lives and the economies of nations across the globe. This research examined effects of climate change on socio-economic development of women in Mwea East sub County, Kirinyaga County. The study was conducted in Ngucwi sub Location, Murinduko Ward, Mwea East sub County, Kirinyaga County. The study explored how climate change events continue to threaten food security, health and income levels among women. The study used descriptive research design and integrated qualitative and quantitative approaches. The researcher used purposive sampling to select Mwea East sub County in Kirinyaga County which has experienced frequency and severity of climate change events of drought. Cluster sampling was used to divide the sample among the different villages. Systematic random sampling was used to select households in each village. Out of the population of 38,734 women of ages 18 years to 69 years; a sample size of 449 was calculated. A semi-structured questionnaire was also used to collect data. Additionally, key informant interviews and focus group discussions were used to gather qualitative information. Quantitative data from questionnaires was analysed using descriptive statistics and regression analysis while thematic and content analysis was used to analyse qualitative data. The study found that climate change was negatively related to food security, a relationship which was statistically significant. The study further found that climate change had a positive relationship with women's health issues but this was insignificant. However, climate change was found to be negatively and significantly related to women’s income. The study findings may provide policy and decision-makers with useful information to guide the design of appropriate social-economic programmes to protect women from the adverse effects of climate change. The study recommends ways in which women in Mwea East sub County can participate more actively in mitigation and adaptation programmes of climate change effects.
Effects of Gender Stereotyping on Women’s Social Development: A Case of Urbanized Turkana Women In Eldoret Town-Kenya
(Tangaza University College, 2018-09) Nahayo, Odette
This study investigates and presents effects of gender stereotyping on urbanized Turkana women’s social development in Eldoret, Kenya. It identifies the cultural factors influencing their involvement in social development, while discussing how these women can impact their own social development. The study also examines the role of local leaders in addressing gender stereotyping, while suggesting strategies that would address it and improve urbanized Turkana women’s participation in social development. The study used mixed method approach and applied Convergent Parallel Research Design. Two theories guided the study, namely Consciousness Raising and Radical Feminist theories. The sample size was 549 respondents involving 150 Turkana and 399 non-Turkana. Data was gathered by means of questionnaires, interviews and focus group discussions. Collected data was analyzed using SPSS for quantitative, and content analysis for qualitative data. Findings revealed that gender stereotyping has a negative moderate relationship with women’s social development with “r” value of -0.337, while statistically influencing it since “p” = 0.000, which is less than 0.05, the ideal value. Results also demonstrate that there is a negative weak relationship between cultural factors and women’s social development with “r” = -0.131, and statistically influence it since “p” = 0.015, less than 0.05. Similarly, findings indicate that there is a negative weak relationship between local leaders and women’s social development with “r” = -0.201, and that they have a statistical influence on women’s social development since “p”= 0.000 and it is less than the ideal value. Based on these results, the researcher proposes an action plan as a way forward. One of the proposed activities is the sensitization of Eldoret local leaders and the community on effects of gender stereotyping. The creation of support groups for women, which helps them to work together and raise their voices is another key factor. The researcher believes that the findings in this study will contribute to the fight against gender stereotyping everywhere in the world. The study also points out areas of further studies in the future for academics.
EMPOWERING COMMUNITIES: A SOCIAL ENTREPRENEURSHIP APPROACH TO AFFORDABLE HOUSING IN KIBERA, NAIROBI, KENYA.
(Tangaza University, 2025-10) MUHIA MARIA WANJIKU
This study explores the role of social entrepreneurship in addressing the affordable housing crisis in Kibera, Nairobi, Kenya, with a focus on empowering communities through innovative, sustainable and inclusive approaches. Guided by social entrepreneurship theory, social capital theory and Maslow's hierarchy of needs, the research aimed to achieve its overarching objective: to investigate how social entrepreneurship can empower communities and facilitate access to affordable housing. Specifically, it examined the influence of social financial strategies, the contribution of social service provision, the integration of environmental approaches and the moderating impact of government policy on affordable housing initiatives. The research employed a mixed-methods approach, combining quantitative surveys with qualitative interviews and focus group discussions. Data was collected from Kibera residents, social entrepreneurs, government officials and community leaders, offering a comprehensive perspective on the housing challenges faced by low-income communities. The findings reveal that social entrepreneurship significantly enhances access to affordable housing by leveraging on social financial approaches, such as impact investing and green finance and incorporating sustainable environmental practices, including renewable energy integration and climate-resilient designs. Additionally, social services, such as housing counseling and education programs, were found to strengthen community empowerment and housing accessibility. Despite these advancements, the study identified barriers such as limited government support, inadequate funding and cultural resistance to adopting innovative practices. The study highlights the need for robust policies to support public-private partnerships, incentivize sustainable housing practices and increase awareness of the benefits of social entrepreneurship. This research further provides actionable insights for stakeholders, including policymakers, social entrepreneurs and development practitioners to develop transformative strategies for equitable and sustainable housing solutions in Kibera and similar urban contexts globally.
Environmental Education for Sustainability in Basic Schools: A Case of Mbeere North Sub-County, Embu County, Kenya.
(Tangaza University, 2025-10) HENRY SUNGUTI
This study investigated Environmental Education for Sustainability (EES) in basic education schools within Kenya’s Mbeere North Sub-County. The area is a semi-arid region facing environmental threats including deforestation, soil erosion, erratic weather patterns and recurrent prolonged droughts. Despite the integration of Environmental and Sustainability Education (ESE) in Kenya’s Competency-Based Education (CBE), implementation in rural, resource-constrained contexts remains limited. The study was guided by four objectives: (i) to assess the extent of EES integration in basic education schools; (ii) To ascertain the effectiveness of environmental education programs in cultivating students' environmental knowledge, sustainable behaviors, and practical skills; (iii) to analyze challenges hindering effective implementation of environmental education; and (iv) to determine the mediating role of socio-economic factors in the relationship between environmental education and sustainable development. Data was collected using mixed-method research design through structured questionnaires, semi-structured interviews, and focus group discussions. Stratified random sampling was used to select students and teachers, while purposive sampling targeted school administrators and education officers. Quantitative data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics, whereas qualitative data was analyzed thematically. Findings revealed a sharp decline in student participation in EES from junior (41.4%) to senior levels (22%), with 78% of teachers prioritizing examinable subjects due to limited training and resources. Only 12% of schools had recycling bins, and 65% lacked clean water access. Socio-economic status significantly influenced sustainability outcomes (R² = .63, β = .504, p = .024), with low parental involvement and reliance on subsistence farming cited as major constraints. The study concludes that enhancing EES requires systemic reform through teacher capacity building, infrastructural investment, pupil-centered approach, curriculum innovation, and community engagement. These findings offer actionable pathways for strengthening environmental literacy and resilience in Kenya’s arid regions.
ETHICAL FACTORS AFFECTING EMPLOYEE RESPONSE TO CHANGE IN FAITH BASED HEALTH ORGANIZATIONS IN NAIROBI COUNTY, KENYA
(Tangaza University College, 2023-10-02) Mose Rodah Bonaneri
This study investigated the ethical factors affecting employee response to change with a focus on Faith based Health Organizations. The following objectives guided the study; 1) To investigate how ethical leadership, affect employee response to change. 2) To explore how employee ethical attitudes, affect employee response to change. 3) To investigate how ethical organizational culture, affect employee response to change. The study was anchored on two theories namely, utilitarianism and virtue ethics. The study adopted a phenomenological qualitative research design and face-to-face in-depth interviews to collect data from 24 respondents in Faith-based Health Organizations. The responses were analyzed using thematic analysis. The findings revealed that employees may accept or resist changes depending on the ethicality of leadership, employee attitudes, and/or organizational culture. Employee response to change was found to be affected by factors like the leader's character and values, the employees' own personal values, and the organization's overall ethical culture.